Defense Acquisition Research Journal Issue 95

Ms. Ellen Lord Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Sustainment Mr. James P. Woolsey President, DAU Mr. Joseph Johnson Chief of Staff, DAU Mr. Leo Filipowicz Director, DAU Operations Support Group

Editorial Board Dr. Larrie D. Ferreiro Chairman and Executive Editor RADM James Greene, USN (Ret.) Naval Postgraduate School Dr. Joseph L. Ilk DAU Mr. David H. Lewis

Mr. Richard Altieri Dwight D. Eisenhower School for National Security and Resource Strategy Dr. Michelle Bailey Catholic University of America Dr. Don Birchler Center for Naval Analyses Corporation Mr. Kevin Buck The MITRE Corporation Mr. John Cannaday DAU Dr. John M. Colombi Air Force Institute of Technology Dr. William T. Eliason Dwight D. Eisenhower School for National Security and Resource Strategy Dr. Steve Fasko DAU Dr. J. Ronald Fox Harvard Business School Mr. David Gallop DAU

Dr. Mary C. Redshaw Dwight D. Eisenhower School for National Security and Resource Strategy Dr. Yvette Rodriguez DAU Dr. Richard Shipe Dwight D. Eisenhower School for National Security and Resource Strategy Dr. Keith Snider Naval Postgraduate School Dr. John Snoderly DAU Ms. Dana Stewart DAU Dr. David M. Tate Institute for Defense Analyses Dr. Trevor Taylor Royal United Services Institute (UK) Mr. Jerry Vandewiele DAU

Naval Postgraduate School Mr. William Lucyshyn University of Maryland Dr. Thomas A. Mazzuchi The George Washington University Mr. John McCormack Cranfield University (UK) Dr. John G. McGinn George Mason University Dr. Robert F. Mortlock Naval Postgraduate School

Dr. Troy J. Mueller The MITRE Corporation

Dr. Christopher G. Pernin RAND Corporation

ISSN 2156-8391 (print) ISSN 2156-8405 (online) DOI: https://doi.org/10.22594/dau.012021-95.28.01

The Defense Acquisition Research Journal , formerly the Defense Acquisition Review Journal , is published quarterly by the DAU Press and is an official publication of the Department of Defense. Postage is paid at the U.S. Postal facility, Fort Belvoir, VA, and at additional U.S. Postal facilities. Postmaster, send address changes to: Editor, Defense Acquisition Research Journal , DAU Press, 9820 Belvoir Road, Suite 3, Fort Belvoir, VA 22060-5565. The journal-level DOI is: https://doi.org/10.22594/dauARJ.issn.2156-8391. Some photos appearing in this publication may be digitally enhanced.

Articles represent the views of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the opinion of DAU or the Department of Defense.